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Accounting Alert

Insights into PFRS 15: Overview and Scope

Background

PFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers' (the Standard) provides a comprehensive and standardized framework for revenue recognition. It establishes principles that ensure revenue is reported in a manner that faithfully represents the transfer of goods or services to customers in exchange for consideration.

Revenue recognition is a fundamental aspect of financial reporting across all industries. The Standard does not seek to redefine the concept of revenue, but rather to establish a uniform approach that ensures revenue is consistently recognized at the appropriate time and at the most reliable amount. The Standard aims to enhance the relevance and comparability of financial statements and improves the quality of financial information provided to users.

Overview: Single Model for Revenue Recognition

Step 1 - Identify the contract with a customer

A contract is defined as an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations.

A contract must meet all the following criteria within the scope of PFRS 15:

  • the parties have approved the contract and are committed to performing their respective obligations
  • the entity can identify each party’s rights
  • the entity can identify the payment terms
  • the contract has commercial substance, and
  • it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled.

PFRS 15 also requires that entities consider the impact of multiple contracts entered into, at or near the same time with the same customer.

Step 2 - Identify the performance obligations in the contract

Part 1 - Identify the promises in the contract 

Under PFRS 15, a performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer either:

  • a good or service, or a bundle of goods or services, that is ‘distinct’, or
  • a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern on transfer to the customer.

Part 2 - Determine if the promises are separate performance obligations

An entity accounts for a promise as a separate performance obligation if the promise meets the criteria to be distinct or if it represents a series of distinct goods or services. A promised good or service is ‘distinct’ if both:

  • the customer benefits from the item on its own or together with other readily available resources, and
  • it is separately identifiable from other promises (e.g. the supplier does not provide a significant service integrating, modifying or customizing the promised goods or services).

Step 3 - Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties 
(e.g. sales taxes). The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both.

For the purpose of determining the transaction price, an entity should assume that the goods or services will be transferred to the customer as promised in accordance with the existing contract and that the contract will not be cancelled, renewed or modified. Determining the transaction price can be complex and careful considerations should be made by the entity in order to correctly account for the revenues in accordance with PFRS 15.

Step 4 - Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

An entity should allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation (or distinct good or service) in a manner that best represents the amount of consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services. 

This implies that Step 4 is only applicable if the entity has identified more than one performance obligation or if the entity has identified a series of distinct goods or services as a single performance obligation (application of ‘series guidance’). The best way to achieve this objective is typically to allocate the transaction price to each identified performance obligation based on relative stand-alone selling price.

Step 5 - Recognize revenue as and when the entity satisfies a performance obligation

Revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the promised good or service. Control refers to the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from the asset.

Revenue is recognized over time if any of the following criteria are met:

  • the customer receives and consumes the benefits as the entity performs
  • the customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced, or
  • the asset has no alternative use to the seller and has an enforceable right to payment for its performance to date.

Revenue is recognized at a point in time if none of the conditions above are satisfied.

Scope

PFRS 15 applies to contracts with customers to provide goods or services that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. It does not apply to certain contracts within the scope of other PFRS Accounting Standards such as lease contracts, insurance contracts, financial instruments, guarantees other than product warranties and non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to facilitate sales to customers or potential customers.

PFRS 15 - Overview and Scope

PFRS 15 - Overview and Scope

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