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    5. 連載:もし工場長が企業経営者になったら
    6. もし工場長が企業経営者になったら 第4回

    もし工場長が企業経営者になったら 第4回

    12 Oct 2016

    もし工場長が企業経営者になったら 第4回

    もし工場長が企業経営者になったら

    第4回 財務に対する客観視(3)-財務報告の見方のポイント 2-

    P&A グラントソントン 伏見将一

     

    これまでのお話 

    工場長からフィリピン法人社長に就任した場合、会計や税務の知識が不足していたとしても、経営者になったからには経営全般に対して責任を負い、自社の客観視を行う必要がある。客観視のためには財務報告の把握が必須である。またフィリピン法人の経営者は、フィリピン法人の事業の責任を負っているとともに、その事業の結果を親会社に財務報告として説明する必要がある。

    そのため、そもそも財務報告が実態を表した内容になっているかが非常に重要である。しかしながら、経営者に会計・税務の知識がないと、フィリピン人経理担当者に財務報告を任せきりにしてしまうことも多く、事業の実態を反映していない財務報告をする可能性があり、結果、フィリピン法人社長及び親会社が経営意思決定を誤ってしまうこともある。そして、その責任はフィリピン法人の経営者に問われる。 

    再び財務報告で利用される財務諸表を示しておく。

    shows table of financial statements and its description

    財務報告が実態通りかを確認する一つ目のポイントとして、前回は資産項目のチェックの考え方について、事例を交えてお伝えした。今回は、同じ企業を例に、二つ目の重要ポイント―負債項目のチェックの考え方についてお話したい。

     

    フィリピンでは「負債」の計上漏れは起こりやすい?

    資産の在庫評価に問題があった会社では、別の問題も発生していた。

    この会社は現地サプライヤーを利用して部品を購入していた。フィリピン人経理担当者に会計処理や支払を任せていたが、サプライヤーから請求書等の資料の送付が遅れる傾向にあった。フィリピンでビジネスされている方はご存知の通り、フィリピン企業は契約金額については、強く交渉するものの、支払の時期については敏感ではないため、一般的に請求のタイミングが遅れる傾向にある。さて、これがどのように財務報告に影響するだろうか。

    請求書が到着したら、それは費用として計上されると同時に買掛金として負債に計上される。この会社では、ある期の期末付近に、サプライヤーから重要な部品の購入が発生し、本来は、この期に「費用」・「負債」の会計処理をすべきところ、請求書等の資料を入手したのが翌期になり、フィリピン人経理担当者は当該取引を翌期の「費用」・「負債」として会計処理していた。これにより、その期の「費用」が過小に計上され、翌期の「費用」が過大に計上されることとなった。

    これが発覚したことにより、親会社は再度、過年度の決算を修正して、投資家や銀行への説明に追われることとなった。

    このように、フィリピンでは費用及び負債(買掛金)の過小計上がおきるリスクが高い。

     

    計上漏れが散見される負債項目とは?

    負債と聞いて、すぐに思いつくのは買掛金、借入金あたりではないだろうか。しかし、他にもすぐに思い浮かべられるようになってほしい項目がある。それは、「引当金」である。引当金とは、簡単に言えば、将来の大きな支払に備えた積立金である。引当金の中で、ほとんどの会社が計上する必要があるにも関わらず、計上漏れが散見される項目がある。それは「退職給付引当金」である。

    従業員の退職金は、いつ「負債」として認識すべきであろうか。退職金は、実際は従業員が退職するときに一括して支払われるが、その債務は毎年の従業員との雇用契約により発生しているため、会計処理上も毎年負債を積み立てていく必要がある。皆さんの会社の財務諸表に、退職金支給のための積み立てである「退職給付引当金」が計上されているか、確認して欲しい。

     

    適切な経営意思決定のためには資産と負債の金額を検証するのがポイント

    前回・今回で説明してきたとおり、「資産は価値があるのか?」、「負債に漏れがないか?」という視点は、実態を表した財務報告における非常に重要なポイントである。フィリピン法人経営者に就任した際には、この点を自ら確認して欲しい。実際に調査を進めていくと、価値の判断に困る資産があったり、どのような項目を負債として認識しなければいけないのかわからなかったり、フィリピン人経理担当者とのコミュニケーションがうまくいかなかったり、親会社の要求している内容が理解できなかったりと、いろいろな問題が発生すると思う。そのような場合は、経験や実績のある会計事務所やコンサルタントを利用されることをお勧めする。 

     

    あなたの会社は本当に儲かっていますか?

    ここまで、適切な経営意思決定のためには、実態を表した財務報告が不可欠であること、また実態を表した財務報告のためのポイントを説明してきた。実態を表した財務諸表により、会社にどれくらいの資産があるのか、どれくらいの利益があるのかがわかる。

    但し、これは経営意思決定のための資料がそろった段階に過ぎない。次のステップとして、この財務報告を利用して、会社の状況を深く分析していく。特に重要な分析は、会社が儲かっているかどうかを確認するということである。

    ところで、この「儲かる」という言葉、しっかり理解されているだろうか?利益が大きければ大きいほど、儲かっていると思っている方もいるかもしれない。しかし本当にそうであろうか。

    この「儲かる」という言葉の意味を理解していないと、明確な経営意思決定ができず、実際、大変なことになりうるのだ。

     

    次回は、財務報告を利用して「会社が儲かっているか?」を把握する方法について事例を交えて説明する。 → 次号へ

     

    伏見 将一(ふしみ しょういち) P&A グラントソントン Japan Desk Director 公認会計士(日本)

    2005年に太陽有限責任監査法人入所。上場企業及び外資企業に対する法定監査業務、財務デューデリジェンス業務や上場支援業務等に従事。また、軍師アカデミー会員として中小企業コンサルの経験を有する。2013年よりフィリピンTOP4の会計事務所であるP&Aグラントソントンに出向。日本の会計・税務との相違に基づいたフィリピンの複雑な会計・税務に関する実務的なアドバイス等、日本人経営者および日系企業の多様なニーズに対応したサービスを提供している。

    P&A グラントソントンJapan Desk:約170社のフィリピン日系企業に対して、監査、税務、アウトソーシング、会社設立、アドバイザリー等会計全般サービスを日本人4名体制で提供している。

    お問い合わせ:

    Japan.Desk@ph.gt.com

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